Saturday, August 31, 2019
S&S Air
3. Depreciation percentage=$1,640,200/$15,411,620 = 10. 64% New Fixed Assets=$15,411,620 + $30,000,000 = $45,411,620 $45,411,620*. 1064 = $4,831,796 new depreciation Pro forma Income Statement Sales ($36,599,300*1. 12)$40,991,216 Cost of Goods Sold ($26,669,496*1. 12) 29,869,836 Other Expenses ($4,641,000*1. 12) 5,197,920 Depreciation 4,831,796 EBIT 1,091,664 Interest 573,200 Taxable Income 518,464 Taxes (40%) 207,386 Net Income $311,078 Dividends ($311,0786*0. 30)$93,323Add to Retained Earnings $217,755 Pro forma Balance Sheet AssetsLiabilities and Stockholder’s Equity Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities Cash ($396,900*1. 12)$444,528 Accounts Payable ($844,550*1. 12) $945,896 Accounts Receivable ($637,560*1. 12) 714,067 Notes Payable 1,928,500 Inventory ($933,400*1. 12)1,045,408Total Current Liabilities 2,874,396 Total Current Assets $2,204,003Long-term Debt $5,050,000 Fixed Assets Net Plant and Stockholder’s EquityEquipment $45,411,620 Common Stock $322,500 Retained Ear nings 9,451,685 Total Equity $9,774,185 Total Assets $47,615,623 Total Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity $17,698,581 EFN=$47,615,623-$17,698,581 = $29,917,042 Since the fixed assets have increased at a faster percentage than sales, capacity utilization for next year will decrease because the addition of the new line would expand capacity much more than would normally be required.
Friday, August 30, 2019
A Knight’s Tale Essay
One important character in the film ‘A knight’s tale’ directed by Brian Helgeland is William Thatcher. William helped me understand the idea of following your dreams. William dreams of one day becoming a knight. He grew up in a place called Cheapside London with his father John Thatcher until he was sent away to work for Sir Ector. Sir Ector said that he had a spirit. When Sir Ector died, William thought that he could ‘change his stars’ at that point so he jousted in his place. He then decided that with some training he could win money to feed all his friends. As he did this he followed his dream of becoming a Knight. One Visual technique used to help me see that William is important is ‘close up’. Brian uses a close up in the first joust when William says ‘I have waited my whole life for this moment’. This shows me that he has followed his dreams and he is doing what he has wanted to do his whole life. Another technique used in this film is lighting. This technique is effective to show he is an important character because he is never in the shadows. William is always dressed in light clothing and has fair hair giving the impression that he was a good person, unlike Adhemar who always wore darker clothes and was more in the shadows than William. An example of this is when William was in the jail room and Adhemar walked in, William was standing in the only light in the room and Adhemar was in the shadows. In conclusion, the character of William Thatcher was important because he teaches us to follow our dreams no matter how big they are and that anything is possible. The techniques that helped me to understand this idea were ‘lighting’ and ‘close up’s’. A Knights Tale Essay In the movie A Knights Tale the main character William Thatcher has dreamed of being a Knight ever sense he was a boy. The one overlying problem this tale is that â€Å"A man can’t change his stars†, other wise saying that William was not born of noble birth. This story takes place in the middle ages where to compete in jousting tournaments you had to be born of noble birth. William overcomes this with his hard work, his loyalty and perseverance. In the beginning of the movie, William is only a squire to a Knight. He helps tend to Sir Olrick Vonlictensteins needs and wants. But soon he dies and with no other way to get money decides that he should step up and joust for him under his name. William ends up winning his joust and gets the gold needed for him and the other squires. After the first win he convinces his squires that they could keep doing this at other tournaments to make money for themselves. So after a long debate and a little fighting they decide to help train William. There is a scene in the movie that shows them all working together to help train William to become a better knight. This shows his hard working ethic because even though what they are doing is quite trying, he still manages to pull through and become sucsessful. After they have won they’ve first tournament William had damaged his armor in the joust. As they make it to the next joust they don’t have enough money to fix his armor so he has to joust with his damaged armor on. Even though his arms are almost immoveable because of the damage he still takes the risk to joust so that he can win more gold for them to get new armor made. This shows his willingness to work harder to make the money he needs to fix his armor. Near the end of the movie in his last joust he is against his enemy, Count Adimar. Count Adimar was using pointed lances and ends up wounding William by showing a pointed lance deep in his shoulder. But through his hard work he choose to take all of his armor off and joust, putting himself at great risk. But in the end he ends up knocking Count Adimar off of his horse and winning the joust. William showed his perserveence when he was following his dream of becoming a knight. When his Knight died at the beginning of the movie he ricked everything when he stepped in as a knight. If he were to get caught he would have suffered great consequences. By doing this I believe he showed his perseverance to purse his dreams. William shows his perseverance when, even after he is injured while jousting he chooses to take off all of his armor to joust even though it is a great risk to himself. This shows that William is persevering because he takes the risk of injuring or killing himself to defeat Count Adimar and achieve his dream. He is also persevering when, as a young boy his father sent him away to be a squire. Even sense William was a boy he was working towards becoming a knight by getting as close to the lifestyle as he could. Throughout the movie William shows a lot of loyalty to him men. This helped him to achieve his dream very much so. When Jeff, his announcer and the man who helped him forge documents to make him appear to be of noble birth, gambles and looses, William had to pay to get him free. If it were not for William and his loyalty to him men he would have been stripped of his clothes, beaten and been paraded around the village, but William pays his debt for him to get him free. He also showed his loyalty when his girlfriend tells him that in order for him to prove his love for her she must loose the joust. So he takes a brutal beating for her by deliberately loosing and hurting himself in the process. But then after she has seen enough, she tells him that if he really did love her than he would win all of his tournaments. So even after he had fallen so far behind for her in the tournament he strives to win for her and ends up doing so. This proves his loyalty to her because he is willing to even endanger himself for her. His loyalty is also shown when the Prince of Wales is jousting and everyone else is withdrawing because he is of royal blood and is technically not allowed to joust in tournaments, but William still jousts him because he realizes they are both in the same boat. They both want to be jousting, but they are both now allowed to do so according to their birthrights. In the end of the movie, after everyone finds out about William, knowing that he isn’t born of noble birth he is cast out and let out to be stoned. The Prince of Wales Knights him because of his loyalty. He says, â€Å"even if I were not to have known you well, I could tell you were a good men because of how loyal your friends are to you. But I would know better now wouldn’t I? Because even when you knew who I was you still jousted with me and that is knightly too†. In the end William ends up changing his stars and becomes the knight he has always wanted to be. In this movie point of view played a great roll. If we wouldn’t have had the â€Å"flashbacks†of William and his childhood we wouldn’t have know the depth of his want to be a knight. We also wouldn’t have known that his father has sent him off as a boy to become a squire, which also helped in leading him to his dream of becoming a knight. If we didn’t have the various points of view that a movie can deliver to us this movie would have been flat and would have lost some of its meaning. The point of view gives this movie depth. A Knights Tale Essay Describe a character or individual in the text whom you found interesting. Explain how the director used oral/or visual features to make the character or individual interesting to you. An interesting character or individual in the film A Knights Tale (2001) directed by Brian Helgeland is (Sir) William Thatcher. William is interesting because he is not a typical peasant, he has much more drive and ambition than normal peasants. Helgeland uses oral and visual features to support the points that make William interesting. He uses lots of close-ups and high-angle shots when needed to show Williams enthusiasm and leadership towards what he does. First, William is interesting because he is a brave character and is motivated by ambition. William first starts to bravery when Sir Ector dies, he declares â€Å"I’ll ride in his place.†When the director has a close-up on Williams face, he shows the determination and drive that William feels. It is his desire to rise above is position in the social status, he makes his decision, â€Å"We are the champions†. Helgeland choses this dialogue to show that William is different from most peasants and that makes him an individual. Another interesting part about Williams’s character is that for most of the film he is someone who he is not, ‘Sir Ector and Sir Ulrich Von Lichtenstein’. This brings tension into the audience. The audience thinks when will his true identity be revealed? When William shows up to the jousting match as Sir Ulrich, the spectators of the match think of him as anybody. But through on the matches, he turns into a celebrity. William was unbeatable in the sport of jousting. It was difficult for William to hide the fact that his real name was not Sir Ulrich von Lichtenstein. Finally, William’s tone and oral features are strong, powerful and brave for a peasant. He is straight up with what he says and is a good leader to others. Helgeland uses great visual techniques for William, in the beginning of the film William is an untidy, poor, unshaved, immature, he had dread locked hair and dirty clothes. In the middle of the film, he is cleaner he is more clean and tidy; he is properly shaved, strong, healthy, excited, calm, supportive and enthusiastic person. His looks change, his attitude changes and he becomes a little responsible. In conclusion, William is an interesting, enthusiastic and brave guy, he is also a great leader. He is motivated by ambition. Is also unbeatable in the sport of jousting. Helgeland uses oral and visual features to support the points that make William interesting. William is a role model for the people in society today.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Inside marketing: practices, ideologies, devices Essay
Marketing Introduction            Marketing refers to functions carried out by an organization and the processes set for communicating, creating and delivering services to customers (Gundlach, 2009: p.259). The essence of marketing is to influence customers’ behavior or precipitate behavioral change. Marketing practitioners needs to understand consumer behavior and have better market analysis and segmentation. This helps in managing customer relationships in ways that are beneficial to the shareholders and the organization. However, these activities involve interaction where both the buyer and seller enter into an agreement concerning the price of a given commodity. On 24th October 2013, I happened to visit Bet Electronic Company Limited. The company deals in different electronic items both households and industrial supplies and installations the aim was to purchase a home computer.            In every market, a new customer needs to have a marketing orientation. This gives the customer a general overview of the company and some information concerning the product at hand. Before I started negotiating about the price of the computer, the attendant did two orientations, product and selling orientation. Product orientation            He explained about the quality and the benefits of purchasing the hp computer. The company believed that their computers were of the best quality than any other. Their products have two years guarantee, and they offer after sales services such as convenient distribution to customer premises. Selling orientation            The company uses applies both face to face and e- selling when dealing with their products. We had face to face conversation where the sales department manager appeared to have all skills required. They sell their products even through the internet. In this situation, I met with one customer from Britain. He assured that the company sells high quality products being their customer for two years. Understanding customers            Though it was very hard to make the decision, their approach and understanding of customers influenced my decision. They contributed to the evaluation and better selection of computer. Situational analysis Pricing            This plays a very important role in every marketing situation. The price of products affects both the customer and the marketer (Amaldoss, 2010: p.32). BET company uses customer based pricing. Through the orientation, I realized that they set their final prices considering the customer willingness and the company profit. The initial price of the home computer was $525, but my offer was $350. Considering the cost of production and distribution, $350 was not profitable to the company. Through long bargaining, we came to an agreement of $450 as the price of the computer. Distribution            This involves the channels used by a business to either distribute goods to the market or to customer premises (Shen, 2009: p.5885). The business has means of transporting goods to the required destinations. During the product orientation stage, the company promised of convenient distribution of the product to the customer’s premises. This contributed to my decision of purchasing the computer from BET Company. This is a very essential marketing mix that the company has adopted to ensure better customer services. After purchasing the computer, I left it but later it was transported to my house four kilometers from the market. Internal and micro-environments            These refer to the factors in the immediate area of operations in the organization (Takahashi, 2007: p.5). These factors include customers, competitors, suppliers, distribution channels and the general public. They affect the freedom of decision-making and performance of the business. BET Company considers all these factors when conducting its operations. The company is located in a market full of competitors. This led the company to accept my terms as they feared that their competitors might offer the same item at a lower price. Distribution channels were used to ensure that goods are at their respective destinations on time. Macro-environment            Refers to uncontrollable and major external factors that influence decision making in the business, and affects its strategies and performance (Gala, 2008: p.273). These factors are demographics, economic factors, political, legal, technological changes, social conditions, and natural forces. Economic factors            It is a very important aspect that marketers need to apply when influencing the buying and spending patterns of the consumer. BET Company applied factors such as the price to influence customers to purchase their products. The better terms offered such as guarantees and distribution of the goods to customers’ premises was very economical and attractive. Ethical implications            These are assumed consequences that result from a moral/ethical action (Weaver, 2010: p.951). In the case of BET Company limited, there are some present ethical implications. Pricing ethical issues            Marketing mix has many areas that lead to interaction between marketers and customers. Those involved in marketing should bear in mind that these implications has effects in the success of the business. On issues concerning pricing, BET Company practiced unethical issue in pricing its products. Due to high competition that prevailed in the market, they have decided to offer their goods at low prices. The intention behind is to outdo the other firms in the market and attract more customers. The cost of the computer was supposed to be $600 the final price according to the other companies. Though this is beneficial to the customers, it might have future implications. After all the other companies are eliminated from the market, BET Company will charge high prices due to their monopolistic power.            Marketing strategy allows an organization to direct its resources on the optimal opportunities available (Varadarajan, 2010: p.119). The aim is to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and increase sales. BET Company should find a relevant and efficient marketing strategy that will lead to sales increase and have a competitive advantage.            Marketers need to have marketing knowledge and how to segment their markets for effective operations and better customer relations. BET Company should learn other ways of attracting customers rather than reducing their prices below the market price. This will create a favorable environment and increase their profits. They should use marketing practice such as market communication. This involves activities such as advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relations. This will enable them to increase their sales through reaching more customers both the existing and potential customers.            They should sub-divide their market into small manageable portions that will reach their potential customers. They can achieve this through use of distribution channels and agents located in different areas. They should also focus on micro-environment to ensure that they create better customer relationship and favorable competition. Distribution channels should also be enhanced to facilitate transportation of goods both to the market and consumer premises. Another focus is on consumer behavior. This is very crucial as the marketer has to understand the consumer behavior and how it can be influenced. They should focus on dissonance-reducing buying behavior. This will help consumers to differentiate different brands of their goods for effective buying. In their marketing mix, they should improve the quality of their products, have better pricing strategy, and enhance distribution channels and their marketing communications References Blythe, J. (2009). Key concepts in marketing. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Blythe, J. (2013). Consumer behaviour (2. ed.). Los Angeles, Calif. ; London: SAGE. Fox, S. C. (2009). E-riches 2.0 next-generation marketing strategies for making millions online. New York: American Management Association. Richter, T. (2010).Marketing mix standardisation in international marketing: an empirical investigation of the degree of marketing programmestandardisation in German companies and its internal and external correlates. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Solomon, M. R. (2011). Consumer behaviour: a European perspective (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Weinstein, A. (2012). Handbook of market segmentation: strategic targeting for business and technology firms (3rd ed.). New York: Haworth Press. Zwick, D. (2011). Inside marketing: practices, ideologies, devices. Oxford [England: Oxford University Press. Source document
Guns law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Guns law - Case Study Example Hopefully this was raised at trial during a motion for directed verdict or there was some sort of testimony demonstrating the lack of knowledge. If not, then the prosecution is entitled to their presumptive jury instruction and the second prong of the Section is also satisfied. The type of evidence that the District Attorney presented is known as testimonial evidence. Meaning, the only evidence offered (besides the alleged drugs and gun) was the oral statement of the officer. Notably absent was any laboratory testing demonstrating that in fact the substance found was actually the substance that falls within the statute and if it was a substance within the statute, that it met the weight requirement. Here there is no testimony that the ""42nd Street," which the trooper knows to be a brand of heroin sold in NY City, actually was heroin at all! Accordingly, this charge should be dismissed because the distric t attorney utterly failed to present each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt to the jury. A finding of guilt under 220.06(5) requires that the defendant knowingly and unlawfully possesses the controlled substance, and that the substance weighs 500mg or more. ... More generally, a court can look to the words of the statute to determine the scope of the word "knowingly" in the statute. In this statute, the "knowingly" is used only in the context of the possession of the cocaine, and the weight of the cocaine is contained in a separate independent clause. The statute does not require, for example, that the defendant "knowingly and unlawfully possesses 500mg or more of heroin". Thus, 220.06(5) does not require that Harry know the actual weight of the heroin in his bag, only that he knew he was in possession of heroin. There is no question that Harry knew he possessed heroin because it was his foot covering it up in the back seat of the car. Accordingly, there should be no presumptive charge against Tom and Dick but there may be one against Harry. As a quick aside, hopefully defense counsel would have requested separate trials for the defendants (although the likelihood of getting it is rather small). Guns are small and for the most part easily hidden in cars. In most New York gun cases, if the gun is located by a police officer somewhere inside a car, all of the passengers in the car are likely to raise their hands in the air and say "Not mine!". In these circumstances it has been difficult for the government to obtain a conviction which resulted in a change of the legislation. This is where the burdens of presumption come in. Basically, thanks to the presumptions, all the government has to prove is that an operable gun was in the car and that the defendants were in the car at the same time. Here, interestingly, the gun was not actually found in the car. Rather, it was found once the men removed their belongings from the car. Indeed, according to the
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4
Business Plan - Essay Example Computer software industry is booming and has the highest growth rate as compared to other industries. According to Commander (215) global soft ware market is worth $370 billion. Soft ware industry in the USA exceeded $ 261 billion in 2007. The annual growth rate was 14% in 2007. The annual growth rate has been above 15% since 1990. This indicates that the market is large and always growing. Application software programs perform actual business and industry roles. As a result, most businesses find it useful to analyse their company information. Soft ware application tools are becoming popular. They comprise of data access and retrieval, data management, data manipulation, program design and development software. According to Stair and Reynolds (168) businesses use e-products to improve the operations of the business enterprises. Word processing, inventory management software, database management, customized data analysis application, loan calculators, accounting applications, desktop publishing and graphic designs are part of the online office manager that are gaining world wide acceptance in the business world. Help managers and other workers to analyse company information. Information analyzed using the online office manager speed up decision making and conclusions in the business enterprises. Baldauf and Stair (421) asserts that e-products save company’s time and money. Therefore, there is a wide market for the online office manager application. The first objective of Buzweb Inc. is to develop user friendly office management applications that have various uses. The second objective is to ensure that the office management applications retain their effectiveness at all times. The third objective is to improve on the existing office applications. The fourth objective is to develop affordable office applications for all business enterprises. The management philosophy of Buzweb Inc. is
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Briefing Reading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Briefing Reading - Assignment Example According to Miller et al (2010: p.273) these firms began by discovering their hidden resources, also called asymmetries, which included building on their own unique potentials, relationships, hard-to-copy assets, knowledge and experiences. Over time, these firms were able to develop several organizational processes and designs in order to find these asymmetries, turn them into capabilities and gear them across the necessary market opportunities. As stated by Miller et al (2010: p.274), they asymmetries are hard-to-copy ways that create a difference between a firm and its rivals. For this reason, Reed discovered that his bank was different and developed ways to make that difference a valuable asymmetry that his rivals would not copy and later found a profitable market that valued it. Shana Corp, a private Canadian software company, exhibit a similar path to that of Citibank. Over time, the managers of Shana realized that the company had developed unique capabilities, which included valuable kinds of work that its rivals could not do as fast or better. This allowed the company to exploit and extend its competitive advantage over other firms. In short, the managers of Shana were able to focus on what the company was able at, reflected on it, developed and found clients that would benefit from its new capabilities (Miller et al (2010: p.274). There are three imperatives of inside-out strategy, which include discovering of asymmetries and their potential, creating capability configurations by design, and pursuing market opportunities that build on and leverage capabilities (Miller et al, 2010: p.275). It is difficult for firms to develop their hidden resources unless they have some potential edge. For this reason, firms need first to discover their asymmetries and potentials, which will serve as starting points for creating advantages as they are hard to copy. Thus, to find potential asymmetries, managers are required to do an outside and
Monday, August 26, 2019
Leadership chapter's summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Leadership chapter's summery - Essay Example This tool is used by leader as they know convincing and giving promises is an easy way to get hold of the follower’s attention. Some leaders also use metaphors when they find themselves in situation where they may have been forced to over react. Fairhurst gave vocabularies being used as successful in language and is quoted on page 45 line 5 listing vocabularies as â€Å"facilitation, Care and understanding†. Chapter 5 in this books talks mainly about the tools which can be used in skills of framing leadership. These are tools which are intended to assist the leaders in their framework section of leadership (Sar & Fairhurst, 1996). One most important tool mentioned here is emotion. The authors state that emotion can be handled or passed through in a much descent and intelligent manner, but not making it so obvious. The way this has been brought out in the book is meant to give the understanding that even leaders are human but will not be proper for them to expose their negative reactions yet they expect the people depending on their leadership to trust them. In conclusion, Leaders are gifted with some kind of power and must have willingness to give and not to gain (Sar & Fairhurst, 1996). Their gaining may come along not because they worked with the aim of achieving it but what they may gladly want to see a successful and fruitful
Sunday, August 25, 2019
The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus - the aim of the poem Personal Statement
The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus - the aim of the poem - Personal Statement Example And I know from that day forth it was their very best year To have been freed from the hands of Margarethe De La Rue 40 If you had been there you would have seen it, too. And that is my story of my journey through the river valley of Manaus And how I freed the courtesans of the Amazon's "Pink House." This is the process of how I created my poem. The aim of this poem, The Journey Through the River Valley of Manaus, was to tell a humorous story, primarily, although, that was not the only one. I also wrote to entertain, as well as for personal enjoyment, because I happened to enjoy writing this particular piece. The metre was irregular, and the stanza form was A-B throughout. I kept the voice of the poem in first person because there is more personalism in that tense, I believe. My choice of language was helped by using two rhyming dictionaries.1 I only used repetition when talking about the journey of Manaus, and I think my best imagery in the whole poem dealt with regards to describing what the women in the Pink House were wearing (pearls, silk, and the like). I think, technically, this poem is the best that I am capable of doing as far as rhyme, imagery, and voice are concerned. I could probably do better as far as metre were concerned if I were classically trained in writing Sha kespearean quatrains, but alas, I have not the discipline or interest in writing such a poem frought in tedium. I know that must sound horribly cold and disrespectful to Shakespeare and those who appreciate his work, as do I, but I don't care to try to attempt something I know I'm not good at. I believe this poem is generally free of commonplace and hackneyed images, save for perhaps the mention of Christopher...I think, technically, this poem is the best that I am capable of doing as far as rhyme, imagery, and voice are concerned. I could probably do better as far as metre were concerned if I were classically trained in writing Shakespearean quatrains, but alas, I have not the discipline or interest in writing such a poem frought in tedium. I know that must sound horribly cold and disrespectful to Shakespeare and those who appreciate his work, as do I, but I don't care to try to attempt something I know I'm not good at. I believe this poem is generally free of commonplace and hackn eyed images, save for perhaps the mention of Christopher Columbus. I know he is mentioned in quite a few poems. Perhaps he is considered an unnecessary abstraction, I'm not sure. I meant the Columbus reference only as an aside to demonstrate an example of people having gone on journeys, and I thought Columbus was particularly cogent to use since he had traveled to Latin America before. I don't think I've used any unnecessary inversions in the poem, or at least, if I have they are minimally invasive. I tried not to overload the poem with too many adjectives. If I have, that is my fault and my fault alone.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Economic of the Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Economic of the Airline Industry - Essay Example Changes in investment activity, employment, and prices may be a recurring and frequent manifestation of economic development in a competitive and dynamic economy. Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). This report looks at the industry environment of the airline industry, the microenvironment, and the global environment. This report draws primarily on Porter's interpretation of the literature on industrial organization economics to identify competitive forces. The central theme in the paper is that, if an airline company is to survive and prosper, its management must understand the implications that environmental forces have for strategic opportunities and threats. Focus on the paper is on the determinants of demand of air travel. The paper also looks at the nature of competition of the low airline industry. According to Jayathi (2005), competition in the airline industry has been fierce since the industry was deregulated in 1978. Under the believe that through deregulation more competition would improve efficiency and reduce prices and bring overall benefits to the consumer. Jayathi (2005), postulates that, while practices like monopolies, cartels, price discrimination, are considered inefficient allocation of resources in other industries, it can actually be beneficial in the case of the airline industry in bringing about an efficient equilibrium (Jayathi 2005). All things being equal, the demand of air travel will be affected by a number of important change drivers. Using Porters five forces and the PESTLE framework the factors affecting the demand for air travels will be explained inline with the demand and supply graph. Figure 1 and Two According to Johnson et al (2005), in the macroeconomic environment changes in the growth rate of the economy, interest rates, currency exchange rates, and inflation rates are all major determinants of the overall level of demand. Adverse changes in any of these can threaten profitability in an industry. For example, Johnson et al. (2005) states that a fall in the interest rate will increase consumers desire to borrow , and consequently more financing options for air travel. Where interest rates are high, this will affect the airline industry negatively. From Figure one above, an increase in the prices of air fare tickets from D1 to D2 increases demand for air travels from Q1 to Q3. In addition, the PESTLE model further refers to technological factors as important change drivers in determining demand in the airline industry. In the post-World War II period, the pace of technological change has accelerated, unleashing a perennial gale of creative destruction (Johnson et al 2005). Technological change can make established products obsolescent overnight, but at the same time, it can create new products and processes. Thus technological cha
Friday, August 23, 2019
Greek city states rise and influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Greek city states rise and influence - Essay Example The very emergence of Sparta is in large-part concealed from history, but its later rise is well documented in Greek literature and historical accounts. The very emergence of Spartan power and influence is historically linked to their military conquests. The earliest recorded evidence of Sparta arises in around 1000 B.C., but it wasn’t until the 6th century B.C. that Sparta began to gain considerable influence and power within Greece (Morris). This period of time is referred to as the Monolithic period. During this period Sparta gradually gained influence through military conquests. In these regards, there are a number of critical battles that greatly contributed to Sparta’s hegemonic power. One of the major conquests in these regards was Sparta’s overtaking of neighboring Tegea, which was one of the most powerful of the surrounding cities. In 494 B.C. the Spartan invasion of Argos, while unsuccessful, would ultimately result in Sparta becoming recognized as the leading state of Hellas (Kennell). It was during this period that Sparta gained considerable influence within Greece, being recognized as the city-state that would lead the Greek forces. The next major step in Sparta’s rise and influence emerges in terms of their relations with Athens. Sparta became first became influential in Athenian politics after overthrowing tyrant Athenian ruler Hippias in 510 B.C. Through the proceeding years they would go on to gain considerably more influence within Athens. In large part, one of the significant events contributing to this rise in influence came through Sparta’s military support to Athens during the Persian Wars. During this period they were able to stave off invasion and drive the Persian army to a standstill. One such political decision came when Sparta instruction the revolting Ionian Greeks to settle in cities that had supported the invading Persian Empire (Jones). This Spartan influence continued until Athens ultimately sided with
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Principles of Distillation Essay Example for Free
Principles of Distillation Essay What is distillation? Simply, distillation is the process in which a liquid is vaporized (turned to steam), recondensed (turned back into a liquid) and collected in a container. Nature uses a form of distillation to turn salt water (seawater) into fresh water (rain). Why do you use distillation to recycle waste solvents? Solvent-based waste contains volatile material (solvents) and non-volatile material (contaminants like paint, ink, grease, fiberglass, etc.). Many of the non-volatile contaminates are dissolved in the solvent (like salt dissolved in salt water) and cannot be filtered-out. Distillation is an ideal way to separate the two. Why is distillation an ideal way to separate the two? During the distillation process, the solvent-based waste is heated until it reaches the boiling point. It then evaporates (vaporizes) and passes through the condenser where heat is removed from the vapor and it turns back into a cool, clean reusable liquid (same process that causes dew to form). Fortunately, contaminates are typically not volatile (easily vaporized) and stay behind in the distillation tank. You say contaminates are typically not volatile, does this mean some are? Occasionally there are cases where a potential customer wishes to separate a volatile solvent from another volatile material. This is not the typical customer. Some cases include customers using an alcohol to remove water from parts to dry them or where they have solvent mixtures due to poor house keeping practices (they lump all waste solvents into one drum from different operations like painting and parts cleaning). To separate one volatile from another effectively requires fractional distillation; our process uses simple distillation. What are the differences between simple distillation and fractional distillation? Simply stated, in simple distillation, what you put in is what you get back, but it is free of non-volatile materials (it is clean!). Fractional distillation is much more complicated (and expensive). It is the base process where crude oil is turned into the many items that come from oil. Fractional distillation is not required for virtually all solvent recycling applica tions. What is vacuum distillation? Vacuum distillation is the distillation of a liquid under reduced pressure. The atmospheric pressure in the distillation tank is reduced making it possible to boil the liquid at a lower temperature. Liquids boil at lower temperatures under reduced pressure (the inverse is that a liquid boils at a higher temperature under pressure, which is why they use a pressure cap on an automobile radiator to increase the boiling point of the engine coolant to prevent boil-over). Why do you use vacuum distillation? Vacuum distillation is used to safely recover higher boiling point solvents. We limit the maximum temperature of the distillation unit’s heater. There is a temperature at which a flammable or combustible material can ignite by temperature only, this is called the autoignition temperature (this is discussed later). Some solvents boil at temperatures that exceed the temperature that the distillation heater can reach (392 º Fahrenheit). Vacuum distill ation lowers the boiling point to allow recovery within the heaters maximum setting. When do you use vacuum distillation? It is used to safely recover solvents with boiling points over 300 º Fahrenheit. Vacuum distillation should not be used on solvents with boiling points below 200 º Fahrenheit. If the maximum heater setting is 392 º Fahrenheit, why do I need to use vacuum distillation for solvents with boiling points over 300 º Fahrenheit, don’t you mean solvents with boiling points over 392 º Fahrenheit? No! When boiling a liquid, two factors come in to play. One is the requirement to have a â€Å"driving force†to force the liquid to boil and vaporize. This â€Å"driving force†is in the form of extra temperature to allow the solvent to develop a good rolling boil. The other factor is the role of the non-volatile residue. As you boil off solvent and the remaining mixture in the distillation tank becomes more concentrated in the nonvolatile material, the vapor pressure drops (Raoult’s Law) and most important, the boiling point goes up! So bottom line is that you need 50 to 100 degrees of extra temperature to do a good job of boiling the waste solvent. Also, the concentrated non-volatile material acts as an insulator towards the end of the process as it becomes more and more concentrated. So, as the percentage of non-volatiles in the contaminated solvent increases, the required heat to completely distill the mixture also increases. Sometimes solvents that have boiling points of 318 ºF (Xylene) may not require a vacuum if they are not highly contaminated but almost definitely would if the solid content was greater than, lets say 10%. Pulling a vacuum on such a mixture will reduce its boiling point and the overall time to process it. How is the vacuum created? The vacuum is generated using our JetVac technology. A stainless steel reservoir is primed once with clean solvent. A small stainless steel pump is immersed in the liquid and is attached to an explosionproof electric motor. When the motor is started, clean solvent is drawn into the pump and forced through a metal tube known as an aspirator. The aspirator looks like an open piece of pipe with a small orifice (hole) on one side. As the high velocity fluid is pumped across the face of the orifice, it creates suction (like a venturi on a carburetor). Air is pulled through the venturi from the distillation system and passes through a vent.
Experiment 4 Rdr - Chemical Equilibrium Essay Example for Free
Experiment 4 Rdr Chemical Equilibrium Essay Iron-Silver Equilibrium In the first phase of the experiment, iron sulfate was mixed with silver nitrate, and the reaction produced solid silver and iron nitrate, which is formally written as, Fe2+ (aq) + Ag+ (aq) ⇄ Ag (s) + Fe3+ (aq) The mixture was then placed in a centrifuge in order for the solid silver to settle and separate from the supernate. The supernate was then tested for the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Ag+ by placing K3Fe(CN)6, KSCN and HCl to 3 separate samples of the supernate. The result of the tests was as follows: 1.Addition of K3Fe(CN)6 After K3Fe(CN)6 was added to the supernate, a Prussian blue precipitate was formed, more formally written as, Fe2+ (aq) + Fe(CN)63- (aq) + K+ (aq) → K∙Fe2(CN)6 (s) This reaction thus proves that the supernate contains Fe2+. 2.Addition of KSCN After KSCN was added to the supernate, a blood red complex was formed, more formally written as, Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) → FeSCN2+ (aq) This reaction thus proves that the supernate contains Fe3+. 3.Addition of HCl The last test was the addition of HCl to the supernate. This produced a white precipitate, which we can formally write as, Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) This reaction thus proves that the supernate conatins Ag+. The 3 tests showed that all 3 ions were present in the supernate. This goes to show that the reaction between iron sulfate and silver nitrate was in a state of equilibrium since both the ions in the product and reactant side were present, meaning to say that the forward and reverse reactions were proceeding at the same rate. Furthermore, the range of the equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction of iron sulfate and silver nitrate is from 10-10 to 1010 [1]. Copper-Ammonia Equilibrium The second phase of the experiment dealt with the reaction between copper sulfate and ammonia, more formally written as, CuSO4 (aq) + 2 NH4OH (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq) The pale blue precipitate formed at the beginning of the reaction of copper sulfate and ammonia was the Cu(OH)2. From the pale blue color, it turned into a deep cerulean blue when 11 drops of ammonia was added. The solution then went back to the pale blue color after 4 drops of hydrochloric acid was added. The addition of hydrochloric acid added more H+ ions to the solution; therefore, drawing the equilibrium back to the reactant side. This equilibrium reaction is formally stated as, [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4 NH3 (aq) ⇄ [Cu(NH3)6]2+ (aq) + H2O (l) As observed, it took almost 3 times the number of drops of ammonia to change the pale blue color to a deep cerulean blue as compared to the number of drops of hydrochloric acid that changed the deep cerulean blue back to pale blue. This means that the reverse reaction was more spontaneous than the forward reaction. Chromate-Dichromate Equilibrium In the third phase of the experiment, the chromate and dichromate solutions were observed. Chromate had a yellow color, while dichromate had an orange color. When sulfuric acid was added to a sample of chromate and dichromate solutions, the yellow chromate solution turned orange, while the dichromate solution remained orange. The equation for the chromate’s change in color is as follows, 2 CrO42- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) → H2O (l) + Cr2O7- (aq) When sodium hydroxide was added to a sample of chromate and dichromate, the chromate solution remained yellow, while the orange dichromate solution turned yellow, formally written as, 2 OH- (aq) + Cr2O7- (aq) → 2 CrO42- (aq) + H2O (l) The change in color of chromate as hydrochloric acid was added and the change in color of dichromate as sodium hydroxide was added was due to the instability of the reactions, causing a shift in the equilibrium. The acid H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) was used in the reaction since it’s a strong acid, and strong acids dissociate more. The added H+ ions increase the concentration, therefore, shifting the equilibrium. Based on the observations made, it could be said that the dichromate solution is stable under acidic conditions, while the chromate solution is stable under basic conditions. Iron-Thiocyanate Equilibrium In the fourth phase of the experiment, iron trichloride was reacted to thiocyanate giving way to this reaction, [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇄ [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+ (aq) + H2O (l) The reaction produced a light orange solution, which was then tested to determine to which direction the equilibrium shifted when Fe3+, SCN- and NaCl were added. The result of the tests was as follows: 1.Addition of Fe3+ After FeCl3 was added to a sample of the solution, the light orange color of the solution became a darker shade of orange, which could be said to show a shift to the right. 2.Addition of SCN- After KSCN- was added to a sample of the solution, the shade of orange of the solution was lighter than the solution when FeCl3 was added, but darker than the original light orange color. It could then be said that the equilibrium shifted to the right. 3.Addition of NaCl Lastly, NaCl was added to a sample of the solution. It was observed that the resulting solution had a lighter shade of orange than that of the original. With this, it could be said that the equilibrium shifted to the left. The shift to the left of the equilibrium was brought about by the reaction of Cl- (from NaCl) with Fe(SCN)3. Cobalt-Cobalt Chloride Equilibrium The last and final phase of the experiment was on the reaction of cobalt dichloride and hydrochloric acid which could be formally written as, [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl- (aq) ⇄ [Co(Cl)4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) The first part of this phase reacted cobalt dichloride with hydrochloric acid. The pink color of the cobalt dichloride (Co2+) turned blue (CoCl42-) when hydrochloric acid was added. In the second part of this phase, the test tube containing cobalt dichloride was immersed in a boiling water bath. The pink color of the solution turned blue when the temperature increased. With this, it could be said that the equilibrium shifted to the right upon heating. When the temperature is increased at constant pressure, an exothermic reaction would proceed backward or shift to the left. In this case, the increase in temperature made the equilibrium shift to the right; therefore, the reaction is said to be endothermic. CONCLUSION The experiment basically could be summarized into the 5 different equilibrium states. First, the iron-silver equilibrium states that reactants and products could indeed co-exist in a system. Second, the copper-ammonia equilibrium states that certain chemicals could affect the state of equilibrium of a system. Third, the chromate-dichromate equilibrium states that increasing the acidity or basicity of the solution could either move the equilibrium forward or backward. Fourth, the iron-thiocyanate equilibrium states that â€Å"An increase in the concentration of the reactant or a decrease in the concentration of the product shifts the direction of the reaction towards the production of more products to return to the equilibrium position. On the contrary, a decrease in the concentration of the reactants or an increase in the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium position towards the production of more reactants.†[3] Lastly, the cobalt-cobalt chloride equilibrium states that an increase in temperature in an endothermic reaction favors product formation, therefore shifting the equilibrium to the right. On the contrary, increasing the temperature in an exothermic reaction favors reactant formation causing a shift to the left. RECOMMENDATIONS The methods and procedures done in the experiment are sufficient to obtain the data and results needed. No further recommendation is needed. REFERENCES [1] Petrucci, Ralph et.al. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 10th ed.; Pearson Canada: Toronto, Ontario, 2010. [2] Padolina, Ma. Cristina et.al. Conceptual and Functional Chemistry: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc.: Araneta, Quezon City, 2004. [3] Chemical Equilibrium. [Online]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/30015115/Expt-9-Chemical-Equilibrium (accessed last January 15, 2013)
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Tupperware launch cosmetics product
Tupperware launch cosmetics product Tupperware launch cosmetics product ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. Iam really grateful to our COD Mr.Devdhar shetty for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. Iam also highly thankful to Mr. Manish Rajput for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, Iam thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for me during the project, without their help, it would have been extremely difficult for me to prepare the project in a time bound framework. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The main objective of this report is that tupperware has to launch a comsmetic product which is Redwood nail enamel, to understand consumer loyalty and what is happening in the market to maintain their position in the market. In this report we will find consumer preference, for the company of our team choice is Redwood nail enamel product from Tupperware. We will do the situation analysis which includes industry analysis, company analysis and competitor analysis. In industry analysis our team came to know that cosmetic market is growing at 13% per annum. This segment have share of 25.4% . Major players in this sector are Modi Revlon, LOreal and Maybelline. Revlon is in second position. Then we will do SWOT analysis. After SWOT analysis we proceed to segmentation and positioning of the product, company targeted younger age people to sell their products. After segmentation and positioning climate conditions for the product Redwood nail enamel and how it affects sales of the product. Further we will do market mix for the Redwood nail enamel, market mix analysis will help to know the market penetration of the product. After doing all this analysis we will create marketing plan for net one year for Redwood nail enamel. COMPANY ANALYSIS Tupperwareis the name of a home products line that includes preparation, storage, and serving products for the kitchen and home, which were first introduced to the public in 1946. Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products by its parent company.Tupper Brand Corporationand it is marketed by means of direct sales through an independent sales force of approximately 1.9 million consultants.Tupperware is a wholly ownedsubsidiaryof Tupperware Brands Corporation. In todays common parlance, the brand name Tupperware has become aimportant trademarkfor any plastic storage container for the kitchen, not only Tupperware branded products. Similar usages are Kleenex and Band-aid in the United States and Australia, or Hoover and Biro in the UK Tupperware was developed in 1946 byEarl Silas Tupper(1907-1983) in theUSA. He developed plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. The formerly patented burping seal is a famous aspect of Tupperware, which distinguished it from competitors. Tupperware pioneered thedirect marketingstrategy made famous by theTupperware party.Brownie Wise(1913-1992), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy. During the early 1950s, Tupperwares sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wises influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous jubilees celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. Tupperware was known-at a time when women came back from working duringWorld War IIonly to be told to go back to the kitchen as a method of empowering women, and giving them a toehold in the post-war business world. The tradition of Tupperwares Jubilee style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations. In 1958, Earl Tupper fired Brownie Wise over general difference of opinion in the Tupperware business operation. It is believed that Tupper objected to the expenses incurred by the jubilee and other similar celebrations of Tupperware. Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted a Tupperware party inWeybridge,England, and subsequently around the world. In 2003, Tupperware closed down operations in the UK, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model as an issue, and relaunched after a restructuring in 2005.Rexallbought Tupperware in 1958. Rexall sold its namesake drugstores in 1977, and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged withKraftcoto form Dart Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets named Premark International.Tupperware Brandswas spun off from Premark in 1996; Premark was acquired byIllinois Tool Worksthree years later. Tupperware is now sold in almost 100 countries, after peaking at more than a hundred after 1996.The top eleven consumers of Tupperware are: Germany USA France Mexico Russia Australia/New Zealand Italy Austria South Africa Japan India Tupperware parties Tupperware is still sold mostly through aparty plan, with rewards for hosts. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant for a host who invites friends and neighbors into their home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups. In most countries, Tupperwares sales force is organized in a tiered structure with consultants at the bottom, managers and star managers over them, and next various levels of directors, Legacy Executive Directors at the top level. In recent years, Tupperware has done away with distributorships in the U.S. This has allowed Tupperware more flexibility, and more generous commission and rewards for their consultants. In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included such strategies as selling throughTargetstores in the US, and Superstores in Canada, with disappointing results. Tupperware states this hurt direct sales.In countries with a strong focus on marketing through parties (such asGermanyandAustralia/New Zealand), Tupperwares market share and profitability continue to grow. In many countries, Tupperware products come with a lifetime guarantee. In India, there are some restrictions on the lifetime guarantee clause. In the UK/Ireland the guarantee is 10 years.[8]The company is best known for its plastic bowls and storage containers, however in recent years has branched out into stainless steel cookware, fine cutlery, chefs knives and other kitchen gadgets. After experiencing a slump in sales and public image in the mid-1990s, the company created several new product lines to attract a younger market. In some countries including Belgium, Australia and the US, Tupperware market their parties and career opportunities through mall kiosks from time to time. In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised entrepreneurial shopfronts, of which there were 1900 in 2005, due to laws enacted in 1998 aimed at pyramid selling.The Chinese characters () are used as the brand name, and translate as hundred benefit. Product lines Tupperwares product ranges are often marketed under different names in different markets, and the product ranges and colors themselves differ between markets. Some of Tupperwares most popular lines include: Modular Mates(US, AU),Space Savers(UK, now discontinued),Kompakt-System(DE): These are oval and rectangular shaped containers that stack in a modular fashion to save pantry space and preserve food. Modular Mates have air-tight seals intended to keep food at optimum freshness for long periods of time. Vent N Serve(US),Rock N Serve(AU),CrystalPlus(UK): These are containers for re-heating food in microwaves, and are advertised as freezer safe, stackable and dishwasher safe. FridgeSmart(US, UK, AU),PrimaKlima(DE): With air control vents, FridgeSmart containers are modular containers intended for refrigerated fruits and vegetables. FridgeSmarts which have air control vents intended to allow different levels of airflow around different types of fruits and vegetables, as well as a corrugated bottom to allow them to store securely on a refrigerator shelf. UltraPro(AU),UltraPlus(DE): plastic casseroles advertised as being safe when used in a microwave or a conventional oven, with heat resistant properties. Eleganzia(UK, DE),Illusions(AU): A glasslike range of serving dishes FlatOut!(US),MiniMax(UK, DE),Go Flex!(AU): Bowls that flatten for storage, and can be expanded when needed Stuffables(US),Bungee(DE): refrigerator storage with flexible lids for overfilling COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Competitors of Redwood nail enamel like lakhme, Revlon and Maybelline are competing at the upper-mass (premium) end cosmetics spectrum. Ranging of competitors from many multinational companies such as Revlon Modi slugging out to chamber, Maybelline Avon with the foremost part of the international brand sector as well as LOreal. Revlon holds the 80% of market share in the Premium range. Estimated color cosmetics at Rs.340 crores currently. Lakme leads with sales of Rs 100 crores in market and Revlon sales of Rs 60 Crores of that. At first Companies like Revlon, Maybelline, Yardley, Garnier and LOreal entered in the Market and they have cashed on their international brand. Lakme and LOreal India companies are losing their position on the Rs 300 crores urban Indian color cosmetics market (lipsticks and nail enamel) to the market leader Modi Revlon. According to survey data for urban markets, LOreal company value market share in the Rs 200 crores market segment has declined gradually to 5.9% in April 05 from 13% in April 03. LOreal markets its color cosmetics under Maybelline and LOreal brands in India. Modi Revlon is the only company which recorded a gradual increase in market share from 28% to 35.15% between the period April 03 and April 05. The share of smaller local brands such as Blue Heavens, Lissome, and others were till a year ago eating into the market share of well known brands by their low costing has shrunk by 9.4%. The categorys total share has decreased to 30% in April 05 from 43% in April 03.The most affected company in the market is LOreal whose market share as fallen to 0.17% in April 05 from 1.4% in April 2003. ,05) STRENGTHS OF COMPETITORS Revlon have connected with glamour, style and elegance. Revlon have the wonderful models like Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer. Revlon in India has successfully influence its international equity in promoting the brand. Revlon have 15000 counters across India. WEAKNESS Position of Revlon in India is in dissimilarity to the more mass market available point, because their products are available only at top distribution point and not available at every kirana and general merchandise store. SITUATION ANALYSIS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Our country India, with a people of more than billion, is a country of dissimilarity. Our countrys urban or metropolitan populace is the major source for demand of several beauty products. The more cosmetic utilization by Indian women brought more competitors to Indian beauty sector. Despite market crash, India remains one of the rapidly developing cosmetic markets around the world, growing rate at 13% per year and worth at $6.3 billion. As the middle-class customer base, the market is touching closely four times sooner than the $52 billion worth of established cosmetic markets and two times as fast as the $270 billion worldwide market, according to new report by marketing research organization Kline Co. Presently, the market is bringing in cosmetics in addition to toiletries and transitional raw resources value of $120 million. The beautification market currently having $60 million of the total market, at the same time as skin care market having around $180 million.. The Indian beautification sector has witnessed fast development in the recent two years, increasing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate(CAGR) of about 7.5% between 2006 to 2008,with recovering buying ability and growing fashion realization, the market is expected to continue the growth drive (with addition of subsidiary slowdown due to financial slowdown) during our prediction era (2009-2012). It is planned to develop at a CAGR of about 7% during the estimated era, says Indian Cosmetic Sector Analysis (2009-2012), a new research details by RNCOS, In future Indian cosmetic market segments are expected to record CAGR of just about 13% and 20% correspondingly till 2012. INDIA COSMETIC SECTOR ANALYSIS According to growth rate, the market provides wide opportunities to local and global players. Even with two times growth rate, the market penetration of beautification products and toiletries products in our country is low. This low market penetration for beautification and personal care commodities in India gives an opportunity for additional important growth down the road in India of 1.2 billion populations. REDWOOD NAIL ENAMEL A TUPPERWARE PRODUCT SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Good brand portfolio Tupperware has leading sharing position, which is strong and well differentiated brand. The portfolio includes both global and local specific relevance, well designed according to the needs of different environment. Good base of the enterprise As we know that Redwood nail enamel is a brand of Tupperware and it has good financial position. High innovation style Redwood nail enamel has new innovation style in its product. Distribution channel Tupperware have integrated supply chain and manufacturing units are well spread out. They have wide reached high quality and ability to influence scale for their distribution structure. Specifically in Indian market their brand image got build because the products are for everybody and reachable to everybody. Good promotional activities Tupperware conducting fashion events and their advertisement strategy is good, so it will bring awareness. Good quality of product Tupperware Redwood nail enamel known as international brand and company offers good quality to their customers. Delightful packaging Consumer enjoys the mini bottle nail enamel as they can use frequently and consumed through few usage, so they will buy the product very often which leads to choose from vast color range. According to quality and quantity it is value for money product WEAKNESS Targeted only middle class and low class people Company targeted only middle class and lower class people to sell their products and segmented only in metro politic cities and towns. OPPORTUNITIES Modern trade More upscale beauty care products are emerging in modern trade effectively, consumer want quality, performance and new level of innovation. Increasing number of working women Now a day there is gradual increase in working women so there is a big opportunity to increase their sales and women plays vital role in society. THREATS Local competitors selling products at cheaper rate In the market local players are giving cheaper products to the consumers, so consumer will prefer to cheaper products. Because of globalization increasing number of competitor Due to globalization competitors are entering to our cosmetic market so definitely it will be the major threat. Modi Revlon launches street wear product to target to compete with Tupperware Redwood . SEGMENTATION FOR REDWOOD NAIL ENAMEL Beautification needs are not only women in their adult age but teenagers girl too have it. The brand as known who will take care of you and your beauty needs, which can be evident from its catch phrases on top of the world and another is source of radiant beauty POSITIONING STATEMENT Tupperware approached with Redwood nail enamel in 2009. It promoted as Young girl who breaks the rules and loves to have fun. This positioning statement demonstrated young girls who anticipated the image of trying to be unusual and cool. SEGMENTATION Geographic Area: Metropolitan cities and town Company has targeted metropolitan cities and town because of population, consumer knowledge about the product is considerable and towns are upcoming business places. Behavioral Occasions: Going out regularly (schools, college and parties) User status: Regular usage Attitude towards the product: necessary part of everyday accessories. Benefits: develops beauty, exceptional colors, good quality ingredients, atmosphere friendly packaging. Demographics Age: 15 to 24 They targeted age 15 to 24 and product launched to cover teenagers. Education: Students or graduates. Students and graduates have more knowledge about the product. Sex: female. Product was launched only for female. Occupation: students and working women Company has targeted students and working women, because basically Redwood was to cover students and working women. Life cycle: young, single and married. When it comes to Life Cycle Stage Company targeted to young, single and married, because they have more influence to buy the products. Social class: Middle and lower class people People have enough money to afford the product. PEST ANALYSIS P for political factors E for economic factors S for socioculture factors T for Technological factors Pest analysis is to summaries the legal and external environment for the business. It should be done in consideration of influence and responses to the business. These are the pest analysis of Redwood nail enamel. POLITICAL FACTORS Indian cosmetic industries is least affected when compare to other developed economy and Indian cosmetic industry developed by 7.5%, which attributed to our policy frame work with respect to capital and liquidity. Redwood have built strong links with trade based on mutuality in support of Indian government. ECONOMICAL Indian economy registered a growth of more than 9 % for last three years and it maintained robust growth rate as compare to other countries which are developed and developing, so Indian cosmetic industry is directly related growth of economy, which is highly support cosmetic industry. SOCIAL Tupperware have loyalty factor as compared to counter part in other countries. They are strong in organizing social and promotion events and other fashion events, which build huge reputation among the people. TECHNOLOGY Technology advancement changes the face of traditional Indian cosmetic market. It is giving faster and secured service, strong consumer understanding and technology of company has been delivered world class product. Company also introducing new innovating technology due to advancement in technology, Hence technologies continue to evolve and it will meet consumer expectations and habitats. MARKET MIX PRODUCT PRODUCT CATEGORY Core benefit: Core benefit of Tupperware Redwood nail enamel is easy to apply on nail, to look good and it should be highly shined. Basic product: Easy to remove from nails and it should give good look to nails. Expected product: Nail enamel should dry within particular time of period. Augmented product: By introducing some kind of fragrance in nail enamel and making nail enamel very quickly dry, when compared with competitors product, definitely it will exceed customer expectations. Potential product: Introducing something in Redwood nail enamel like, which changing color according to environment changes and to protect nails and high shine finish at all time. PRODUCT CLASSIFICATIONS According to durability and tangibility products, Redwood nail enamel can be classify into nondurable goods, because women will purchase nail enamel frequently and consumed through few uses. When we classify according to consumer good classification, Redwood nail enamel comes under convenience goods, because people buy nail enamel with minimum effort. And we can say Redwood nail enamel is staple goods, because consumer buys nail enamel in regular basis. PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONS OF REDWOOD NAIL ENAMEL Form: by offering the Redwood nail enamel in various size and shape to attract customers and giving more choices for customer. Give products in more color and various shining. Features: we can differentiate the product through features of the product by giving more features to customers like fragrance, rapid drying and shining at all time. Performance and quality: by lasts up to two to three weeks and enamel bonds with nails naturally. PRODUCT -LINE LENGTH Upper market stretch: Redwood targeted middle class and lower class consumers to sell the products. Company can come up with some others nail enamel products to cover upper class of market. SETTING THE PRICE Selecting the price: Companys pricing strategy is to survive in the market; company includes fixed costs and variable costs while setting the price. Promotional pricing: Redwood nail Enamel Company can give price at special event pricing, because Redwood nail enamel targeted students to sell their products, so they can give at discounted price during the month June to August. Responding to competitors pricing: Redwood nail enamels major competitor is Revlon, if the competitor (Revlon) changes the price means, company have to analyze the market situation and why competitor changed the price and then change the price according to competitors price to sell the products. Differentiated price: Redwood nail Enamel Company can offer time pricing and image pricing. They can set the price according to quality and quantity of the product. PROMOTION ADVERTISING AND SALES PROMOTION Advertising Tupperware uses various medium to sell the products.. Mediums are television, magazines, events and internet. Tupperware organizes fashion event in that event, company advertise their products. In television media, Tupperware advertise as commercial for Tupperware in that, company advertises their products. Tupperware also releases magazines there also they are promoting their products. Tupperware organizes an event fashion week in those event film stars and models are participating, from that company is easily advertise their products. Internet as medium Company has its own website to advertise their products. Website: www. my2tupperware.com Sales promotion Tupperware Redwood offers sales promotion to increase the sales for particular time of period. Company offers rebates and discounts on specific products which products are in low sales. Brand ambassadors Tupperware have bollywood Actress as a brand ambassadors like Katrina Kaif and Raima Sen.(Brand ambassador, 2009)(Brand ambassadors) PLACE There is a significant change in market distributional channel of cosmetic products. Distribution places are Hyper markets Super markets Departmental stores These stores are opening their shops in smaller towns and cities and these shops offering extensive range of products and frequent promotional offers. Other distribution places are Drug stores Food stores Cosmetic discounters Ware house clubs. Beauty salons Tupperware distribution merged with HUL. HUL having 3000 distributors around the country and Tupper have 1000 distributors. This is the strongest distribution channel among all Indian cosmetic companies. Distributional channel MARKETING PLAN FOR NEXT ONE YEAR Since, industry grows at 13% per annum, and there is considerable income growth of middle class people is an opportunity to develop the business. Hence beautification is fast growing segment in the market, more number of women becoming awake of looking better through the use of beautification products. This low market penetration for beautification and personal care commodities in India offers a chance for more considerable increase, in this country of 1.2 billion people. Company targeted only younger age people to sell their products, and targeted only middle class and lower class people. Tupperware can introduce new products to cover upper end of the market. Company already built a brand image among middle class. So it will help them to capture the upper class market very soon. Since the customers are able to pay for better products which makes them happy and looks better. So Redwood can concentrate to initiate product lines on premium range. Tupperware competitor Revlon launched street wear to compete with Redwood, so company can consider to more depth in product range and to influence new innovation technology. Now company targeting only 15 to 24 age people and they can spread their segmentation level from age 10 to 24. They can advertise to cover school students. Company should be very sensitivity about price of the product; they should not increase the price of the product because low price is the major strength for Redwood nail enamel. Redwood have good distribution channel in metro politic cities and towns, beautification products has less penetration in rural area so Tupperware can improve their distribution channel in rural market. Company can offer combo set of products to the consumers and if they give nail enamel remover along with the product it will help them to increase the sales. Company has to advertise to create more awareness about the product. CONCLUSION Redwood the product of Tupperware is cosmetic range in the Indian market designed to enhance the beauty of the young and teenage consumers. As such it is created clear position in the market, this shows that Redwood clearly understand its consumer and has delivered differentiated product range to meet consumer needs and wants. To introduce the new range to market, the Redwood business put well plan marketing mix, with scope of changing according to consumer behavior and market scenario. The marketing mix is the balanced combination 4 Ps. Redwood has lot scope to change and transform their product to better result, to face the challenge and reverse this trend, which they have substantially their brand, volume growth by being the known and reliable brand among the consumer. Redwood is the young product to the right people in the right way. As a team we created marketing plan for next one year, these are the possible way to grow the business in Indian market and to build brand name amon g the consumer. REFERENCES India knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved 05 10, 2009, from labnol: http://www.labnol.org/india/knowledge/hll-is-now-hindustan-unilever-ltd/645/ Mediacentre. (08, 06). Retrieved 05 10, 2009, from hul: http://www.hul.co.in/mediacentre/Hul_Connect_June08.pdf Stories. (2002, 7 7). Retrieved 05 31, 2009, from thehindubusinessonline: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2002/07/07/stories/2002070700481300.htm Stories. (2006, 09 27). Retrieved 5 31, 09, from thehindubusinessonline: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/09/27/stories/2006092703490500.htm About unilever. (n.d.). Retrieved 05 23, 09, from Hul: http://www.hul.coulditbeu.in/U_pages/About_Unilever.aspx Stories. (2009, 04 23). Retrieved 05 22, 2009, from thehindubusinessline: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2009/04/23/stories/2009042350020100.htm Cosmetics and toiletries. (2008, 06). Retrieved 06 12, 09, from euromonitor: http://www.euromonitor.com/Cosmetics_and_Toiletries_in_India Krishnamurthy, A. G. (08, 4 25). storypage. Retrieved 6 12, 09, from business-standard: http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=321069 News. (2002, 18 12). Retrieved 06 10, 09, from financialexpress: http://www.financialexpress.com/news/modi-revlon-to-take-on-elle-18-with-new-brand-streetwear/68912/0 Bhattacharya, P. (2009, 2 2). marketstrend. Retrieved 06 09, 05, from gcimagazine: http://www.gcimagazine.com/marketstrends/regions/bric/38826982.html Cain, A. (n.d.). Cosmetics. Retrieved 06 10, 2009, from ideamarketers: http://www.ideamarketers.com/?Cosmeticsarticleid=567150 Fashion. (2003, 06 26). Retrieved 06 08, 2009, from chennaionline: http://archives.chennaionline.com/style/fashion/icel18.asp Indian cosmetic sector analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved 06 06, 2009, from rncos: http://www.rncos.com/Report/IM192.htm Marketing review. (2006, 09 28). Retrieved 06 10, 09, from domain-b: http://www.domain-b.com/marketing/general/2006/20060928_marketing_review.html Strategic. (04, 9). Retrieved 06 06, 2009, from etstrategicmarketing: http://www.etstrategicmarketing.com/SmSept-Oct04/Strategic-Article11.htms Kotler, P Keller, K. L. (2006). Marketing management. (13th ed.). New Delhi: Prentice hall India.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Essay --
â€Å"Join, or Die†Rhetorical Analysis Looking back in American history, it is needless to say that there were many trials and tribulations that were overcome to achieve the freedom U.S citizens have today. In retrospect, it is astonishing how the colonists were oppressed by the British for more than a century and finally joined together with courage to revolt against them. This type of revolution would not have been alive if it were not for the art of rhetoric. Political icons in American history used rhetoric to stoke the wrath of colonists to revolt against the British. Founding Father, Benjamin Franklin, significantly used visual rhetoric to persuade the colonies to unite together with his first political cartoon entitled, â€Å"Join, or Die,†which was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1754. Benjamin Franklin used his credibility to establish a well-crafted rhetorical illustration, in which its symbolization, initials, and caption all play an active role in the ground breaking drawing, which changed the minds of colonists towards the pursuit of freedom that is exercised today. Benjamin Franklin’s reputation during this time is what fueled â€Å"Join, or Die†to be more than just a drawing. He contributed many scientific inventions as well as insightful publications to society. His contributions earned him the credibility and reputation for being an intelligent individual. â€Å"Join, or Die†was the first political cartoon to be published in a newspaper like the Pennsylvania Gazette, indicating that impacted drawings such as this were not familiar to the public yet. Due to Franklin’s positive and respectful ethos, this political cartoon was taken with more consideration, instead of being tossed off as a mediocre sketch in a newspape... ... towards the colonies that are individually recognized. The failure to independently recognize each of the thirteen colonies in their own respect hinders his degree of persuasion towards his audience. Although there were snags in Benjamin Franklin’s political cartoon, it nevertheless accomplished its goal of persuading the colonists to band together as a harmonized force against the British for freedom. It is undeniable that Benjamin’s Franklin’s rhetorical methods were successful in his political cartoon, â€Å"Join, or Die†. The visual captured the minds of many colonists and led them towards the idea of revolution, and it is still appreciated today. Although there were drawbacks in the illustration, it nevertheless accomplished persuasion, and it is one of the many contributions that pushed colonists into fighting for the freedom that is exercised in America today.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Essay
Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Today's literature estimates that as many as 1 in 3 females and 1 in 7 boys have been the victim of sexual abuse. There are about 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of incest each year in each major city in the United States. It is reported by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse that in 1993, 2.9 million children were reported to protective services because they were being abused, neglected, or both (Schwartz). 16% of these 2.9 million children had been sexually abused. It is estimated that there are 60 million survivors of childhood sexual abuse in America today http://www.prevent-abuse-now.com/stats.htm#Disclosure. This childhood sexual abuse has been implicated by some eating disorder experts as a factor in the etiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorder experts are currently engaged in heated debate concerning whether sexual abuse is a specific risk factor or a general risk factor in the development of eating disorders. Those who propose a spec ific link hypothesis believe that eating disorders are directly related to early sexual abuse and are a form of gender specific posttraumatic stress disorder. The proponents of the specific link hypothesis believe that their exists "complex, multiple mediating mechanisms between sexual abuse and disordered eating" (Kearney-Cook, 1994). They believe that sexual abuse has a direct effect on the victims body image. There is an emphasis on the "adverse effects of sexual abuse on body esteem, self-regulation, identity, and on interpersonal functioning" (Kearney-Cook, 1994). Those on the opposite side of the argument believe that eating disorders are not specifically caused by sex... ...ke-Kearney, Ann and Striegel-Moore, Ruth H. (1994). Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: A Feminist Psychodynamic Approach. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 4, 305 - 319 Waller, Glenn. (1991). Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Eating Disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 664 - 671 Kinzl, Johann F., et al. (1994). Family Background and Sexual Abuse Associated with Eating Disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1127 - 1130 Moyer, Diane M, et al. (1997). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Precursors of Binge Eating in an Adolescent Female Population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 23 - 30 Zlotnick, Caron, et al. (1996). The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Eating Pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 129 - 134
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Methods of Communication at Portmeirion :: Computer Science
Methods of Communication at Portmeirion ========================================== In this section I am going to describe the different types of communication within Portmeirion together with the use of ICT. Here are some examples of written communications that Portmeirion use; * Letters: ICT now have a major part when writing letters because a lot of company’s prefer to word process them as it quicker, simpler and neater. Letters can be sent home to make customers aware of the latest offers. * Notes can be used to inform work colleges of meetings with the rest of the company. * Faxes * Text Messages: * E-Mail: ict is used because letters are sent electronically  · Notices for Notice Boards): ICT could be used as they could display notices on notice boards using Word or Powerpoint or a DTP package – posters done on the computer always look more attractive and neater – also they can be saved an edited in the future. * Reports: could be written for major areas of development or concern using ICT. * Agenda * Records: of customers and daily sales etc could be saved on file using ICT. * Magazines: company’s could publish magazines and other promotional literature for sending out information * Diaries * Memos are used to remind workers of certain events and to pass messages between departments * Contracts and other personnel documents * Calendars * Invoices and other financial documents * Cheques (payments) * Graphs and Charts * Reports can be used to make reports on employees, purchases and exports. * Posters and leaflets are used for advertisements * Here are some examples of Oral Communication that Portmeirion use: * Telephone * Voicemail * Web Cam & video conferencing * Meetings * Answer Machine * Requests  · Office (could send messages) * Discussion * Dictaphone * Training sessions * Face to face talking * Vide * Interviews C2 C3 ===== Are methods of communication at Portmeirion effective? ====================================================== Portmeirion's communication is very effective in my opinion or else the business wouldn’t be as successful. This is because every business needs to communicate with its workers or the workers need to communicate with each other. A way that this is shown is if the Sales and Marketing department is doing a new promotion that they can tell the ICT department to send a letter out to all the customers of Portmeirion by mail merging which requires ICT Written communication outside of the business Word processing, excel, e-mail and fax are some of the ways that written communication is used outside of a business. These are very effective because if the company is doing a new production they can send a letter to all the companies’ customers by mail merging this means that they can send the same letter to different customers by
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Use Of Alfuzosin And Trial Health And Social Care Essay
Patients and Methods: A sum of 63 patients showing with a first episode of self-generated AUR related to BPH underwent exigency catheterisation and were so indiscriminately and blindly assigned to have 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day or placebo at a ratio of 2:1 for 3 yearss. The efficaciousness standard of this survey was the rate of successful TWOC within 24 hours after catheter remotion. The influence of factors such as age, urine keeping volume, fluid ingestion, irregularity and urinary piece of land infection ( UTI ) on TWOC result was besides assessed. Acute urinary keeping ( AUR ) represents one of most important and painful events in the natural history of benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) . Up to a 3rd of patients undergoing surgical intervention for BPH present with acute urinary keeping ( AUR ) . [ 1 ] Acute urinary keeping is associated with important anxiousness, uncomfortableness and patient incommodiousness. The impact on patients ‘ health-related quality of life is comparable to an onslaught of nephritic gripes. [ 2 ] The most common cause of urinary keeping is benign prostate hyperplasia. [ 3 ] Acute urinary keeping was one time considered an absolute indicant for prostatectomy but the patients ‘ desire to avoid surgery and development of successful medical direction has led to a more conservative attack normally being adopted. The attack and direction of AUR has undergone a profound alteration over the last decennary. We herein discourse the hazard factors and recent tendencies in the direction of AUR seco ndary to BPH. Between Jan. 2010 and October 2010, 63 patients with a minimal age of 51 old ages with a first episode of self-generated AUR related to BPH and a urine keeping volume of between 500 and 1,500 milliliter at catheterisation were enrolled in a randomised prospective placebo controlled survey done at Medical metropolis, Baghdad. All causes of precipitated AUR were considered as exclusion standards except irregularity and a high fluid consumption to find the specific influence of these two parametric quantities. Work force included in this survey were those older than 50 old ages presented with AUR and have residuary piss greater than 500 milliliters. Patients were excluded when they have neurogenic vesica disfunction, ague or chronic prostatitis, history of prostate and urethral surgery, known vesica rocks, urethral stenosis, coagulum keeping secondary to haematurias of any cause, residuary volume inferior to 500 milliliter or superior to 1,500ml, AUR non related to BPH, and those with o ther diseases including Parkinson ‘s disease, insulin dependant diabetes, multiple induration, stroke or myocardial infarction within the old 6 months, hepatic abnormalcies, neutropenia, nephritic inadequacy, unstable or terrible bosom failure, postural hypotension or faint, known hypersensitivity to ?-blockers, and suspected or diagnosed evolutive neoplastic disease. Patients having sympathomimetics, 5?-reductase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, anticholinergics, or first coevals antihistamines were besides excluded. At admittance and after the diagnosing of AUR associated with BPH was established, urethral vesica catheterisation was performed. Patients were randomized to have 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day or placebo with a ratio of 2 on alfuzosin to 1 on placebo harmonizing to a centrally established randomisation list. The catheter was removed after a lower limit of 2 doses of study drug and each patient received 1 extra tablet the twenty-four hours afte r catheter remotion. Catheterization clip and drained volume at catheterisation every bit good as patient demographic informations, BPH history, and general medical and surgical history were recorded. Clinical scrutiny and standard research lab trials were performed. TWOC was considered successful if the patient returned to satisfactory elimination within the first 24 hours following remotion of the urethral catheter without re-catheterization. No value of post-void residuary piss was specified. Sixty three patients enduring from first episode of AUR due to BPH were prospectively randomized into 2 groups of 42 for alfuzosin and 21 for placebo.The terminal point of the survey was the per centum of successful TWOCs. The influence on TWOC success rate by age, drained volume at catheterisation, active UTI at registration, irregularity before AUR, and unstable consumption within 24 hours before AUR was tested utilizing logistic arrested development method. The per centums of successful T WOC were compared between the groups utilizing chi -square trials. The per centum of patients who experienced at least 1 inauspicious event was lower in the alfuzosin group ( 3 of 40 or 8.4 % ) than in the placebo group ( 3 of 20 or 13.1 % ) . The most often reported event potentially related to ?-blockade in the alfuzosin group was orthostatic hypotension ( 1 of 40 patients or 2.5 % ) .DiscussionPressing prostate surgery performed for AUR consequences in greater morbidity and mortality than the same surgery performed on an elected footing. Surgical intercession in the presence of a urinary catheter can besides take to an increased hazard of sepsis. [ 4-6 ] , potentially lending to the ascertained addition in operative morbidity in this aged group. [ 7,8 ] For illustration, in the survey of Pickard et al 1,242 work forces who presented in AUR and underwent prostatectomy were at increased hazard for perioperative complications and at extra hazard for decease compared to work forces who underwent elected prostatectomy for symptoms entirely. Thus, inte rvention steps that can avoid pressing surgery or let surgical intercession on an elected footing without the presence of a urinary catheter can be considered of import in the direction of AUR. This survey demonstrates that 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day facilitates the return to normal elimination in patients undergoing TWOC for a first episode of self-generated AUR and it is good tolerated. It besides confirms that patient age 65 old ages or older and drained volume 1,000 milliliter or greater are risk factors for TWOC failure. Nevertheless, after leting for these 2 factors alfuzosin improved the successful TWOC. Some methodological facets of the survey may foremost be considered. The Study was designed to reflect existent life criterion medical attention in footings of the intervention of work forces in AUR. Thus, the context of the survey was peculiarly hard because it involved patients seen for exigency attention, whereas most clinical surveies in the BPH field are done in the more controlled scene of an outpatient clinic. The usage of a suprapubic catheter for AUR alleviation was considered but the overpowering bulk of published articles on AUR refer chiefly to a urethral catheter for initial direction, reflecting the common usage of this device in clinical pattern. [ 9 ] Therefore, a transurethral catheter was chosen. While a suprapubic catheter confers advantages in long-run usage, the demand for increased experience, clip and disbursal for this process are non offset by such advantages in the short Term [ 10 ] Catheterization continuance may besides be discussed. In the survey the catheter was removed after 2 doses of study drug that is after 2 or 3 yearss of catheterisation. Sing the high response rate observed in the placebo group ( 35 % ) and the fact that the success rate of TWOC clearly increases with continuance of catheterisation. [ 11 ] it is possible that shorter catheterisation or even in and out catheterisation would hold been an appropriate option. However, there is presently no consensus on this point.The consequences of the current survey are consistent with those antecedently reported with other ?1-blockers [ 12-15 ] and with 5mg alfuzosin twice daily [ 16 ] in little groups of patients in AUR. In the latter double-blind, randomized survey invalidating after catheter remotion was successful in 22 of 40 patients ( 55 % ) having alfuzosin vs 12 of 41 ( 29 % ) receiving placebo. This lower placebo response ( 29 % ) may be explained by the shorter continuance of catheterisation ( less than 2 yearss ) , as discussed. Age has been shown to be an of import factor that significantly influences TWOC result. In the old survey done with 5 milligrams alfuzosin twice daily the average age of patients with successful TWOC regardless of intervention was a average 4.5 old ages younger than that in those who failed to invalidate ( p 0.015 ) . [ 16 ] In the current survey, in which no upper age bound was set in the inc lusion standards, enabling aged work forces to be included and reflecting the prevalence of AUR, the inauspicious influence of age on TWOC result was once more clearly demonstrated. However, even in aged patients ( age 65 old ages or older ) at high hazard for TWOC failure alfuzosin increased the opportunities of successful elimination compared with placebo. The current survey besides confirmed the reported inauspicious influence of big drained volume on TWOC result. [ 17 ] Nevertheless, in patients with a drained volume of 1,000 milliliter or greater who were, therefore, more likely to hold impaired detrusor map a higher per centum of successful TWOCs was observed in the alfuzosin group compared with the placebo group. Other factors normally associated with AUR, viz. irregularity, acute urinary infection and/or high fluid intake were found to hold no important influence on TWOC result. [ 18,9,10 ] The consequences of the current survey are consistent with those reported by Madhu et Al. [ 19 ] Alfuzosin was good tolerated in this population of aged and frail patients with a average age of 69 old ages who were treated in an exigency state of affairs, including 32 % and 15 % with a history of high blood pressure and ischaemic bosom disease, severally. The incidence of inauspicious events or serious inauspicious events was comparable to that of placebo. It must be recognized that, sing the earnestness of the possible mortality/morbidity associated with exigency surgery for AUR and morbidity related to long-run catheterisation, the somewhat higher incidence of postural hypotension ( 2.5 % ) reported with alfuzosin in this acute state of affairs compared with placebo is to be considered negligible.DecisionThis survey clearly demonstrates that 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day is effectual for bettering the opportunity of successful TWOC after a first episode of self-generated BPH related AUR even in aged patients and in patients with a big drained volume who are at increased hazard for TWOC failure. There is no increased hazard of an inauspicious event. The obvious benefit is that work forces can hold the catheter removed quickly and return place without the uncomfortableness and possible morbidity associated with an in situ catheter. Furthermore, in patients necessitating BPH surgery this should lend to diminish the morbidity and mortality normally associated with an acute process.
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